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BLW method & HuLiS program

To the Tutors

Sason remarks and prospective 2 hours talk +

Philippe's remark on the initially proposed tutorial. are included in bold.

Qualitative

• ?...

Computational

Proposal from Yirong

1. benzene and formamide - focus is on the structural and energetic impact from conjugation, and how to correlate the results with experimental evidences;
2. butadiene - focus is on the conjugation in the planar structure and the hyperconjugation in the staggered structure, and their impact on the rotational barrier;
3. acid-base and H-bonding systems: BLW energy decomposition analyses.
4. visualize the results. I have been using GaussView and ChemDraw, but other graphical software should be fine with me as well.
5. Questions from any participant can be discussed and tested on site.

BLW within GAMESS (Version: MAR-25-2010 R2)

BLW is provided by Yirong Mo (Western Michigan University - USA). It allows to optimize local wave function. Gradients are available for geometry optimization. DFT approaches allow to include a part of correlation into the structure.

During the workshop, a BLW computation is obtained with the command "rungms file.inp -v BLW "

Note: Eigenvalues and compositions of BLW-MOs are stored in $SCR/*.blw.

BLW help

HuLiS : a Huckel-based code

Huckel - Lewis

HuLiS is provided by Stephane Humbel (Aix-Marseille Université - France).

This is a "Click-click-get" java applet that deals with Huckel and Lewis structures It computes coefficients and weights of mesomeric structures through two different approaches: the energy related approach is a simulated CI (HL-CI - deprecated); the wave function approach is a projection of Lewis structures onto a Huckel derived wave function(HL-P). This second approach is better.

HuLiS is launch with the command "java hulis.jar" or via the web site HuLiS

Paper Exercices

Here two HuLiS exercices : compute weight in formamide with both HL-CI and HL-P (2x2) mesomery.

Extend to allyl radical ? find the anti-resonant ground state. Show why HL-CI is deprecated.

Computer Exercices

Exercice 1 (Lewis structures of benzene, resonance) B3LYP/6-311+G* level

Subject

The benzene molecule is commonly represented as the resonance between the two Kékulé structures. The aim of the exercise is to understand the relative importance of the different Lewis structures in the benzene molecule using BLW and HuLis.

According to IUPAC’s Goldbook, resonance energy is defined as “The difference in potential energy between the actual molecular entity and the contributing structure of lowest potential energy”. However this definition does not precise what is the geometry of the contributing structure of lowest potential energy. Consequently, we can define two type of resonance energy: the vertical resonance energy (VRE) and the adiabatic resonance energy (ARE). This exercice tutorial will guide us toward Lewis structures and resonance of benzene.

To do

1/ Vertical Resonance Energy - at the geometry of benzene:

 $DATA
 B3LYP/6-311+G*
 C1  
 C     6.0     0.000000     0.000000     1.395201
 C     6.0     1.208090     0.000000     0.697640
 C     6.0     1.208090     0.000000    -0.697640
 C     6.0     0.000000     0.000000    -1.395201
 C     6.0    -1.208090     0.000000    -0.697640
 C     6.0    -1.208090     0.000000     0.697640
 H     1.0     0.000000     0.000000     2.481104
 H     1.0     2.148596     0.000000     1.240288
 H     1.0     2.148596     0.000000    -1.240288
 H     1.0     0.000000     0.000000    -2.481104
 H     1.0    -2.148593     0.000000    -1.240288
 H     1.0    -2.148593     0.000000     1.240288
 $END

2/ Adiabatic Resonance Energy - relax the Lewis structure geometry

3/ With HuLiS, evaluate the space spanned by Lewis structures compared to that of delocalized wave functions.

Step by step help :

1/ With the BLW program, and using the provided optimized geometry of benzene molecule, define one 1,3,5-cyclohexadiene Lewis structure, and optimize it's orbitals. 4 blocks need to be defined 3 blocks for 3 pi bond, one for all the sigma electrons.

by compairison to benzene energy, calculate the Vertical Resonance Energy (VRE).

2/ With the BLW program, relax the Lewis' structure geometry.

Compare the C-C bond distances to benzene's. Ensure that it is consistent with the Lewis structure.

Compute the Adiabatic Resonance Energy (ARE) and comment.

Compare the resonance energies computed by the BLW method to the conventional experimental resonance energy based on the hydrogenation heats of benzene and cyclohexene (36 kcal/mol).

3 – With the hulis program:

Draw the benzene with the Huckel tools (blue, left) and create two Kekules structures with the Lewis tools. Double bonds are obtained by clicking a single bond - A second click returns to the Single bond.

Note the low value of the trust factor <math>{\tau}</math>.

Add to the wave function the 3 covalent Dewar structures.

How does <math>{\tau}</math> vary?

Remove all structures [Erase Mesomery] and automatically generate all possible structures having one charge separation:

<mode><expert mode> [Generate all]

Note the value of <math>{\tau}</math>, and the weight of all Lewis structures needed ([Results]).

Access to files :

all input files are there ]]

Exercice 2 (allyl)

1 – With BLW code calculate the relative energy of the three Lewis structure of the allyl cation at the HF level. By comparison with the energy of the allyl cation, determine the VRE and the ARE. Compare the C-C bond distances.

2 – Repeat the first question at the B3LYP level.

3 - Repeat question 1 and 2 for the allyl radical.

4 -

butadiene.xmi

Exercice 3 (Butadiene deconjugation without hyperconjugation)

planar butadiene

perpendicular butadiene

Examine the conjugation in planar butadiene and the hyperconjugation in perpendicular butadiene, and explain the rotational barrier.

Note that often people rotate one participating group to disable the conjugation and use the barrier to measure the conjugation energy. What is the inconvenient of this approach?

BLW shall be used to inhibit this hyperconjugaison.

Planar:
 Optimized at HF/6-31G*
C     -0.031386    0.000000   -0.733171
C      0.031386    0.000000    0.733171
H      0.914015    0.000000   -1.251530
H     -0.914015    0.000000    1.251530
C     -1.156900    0.000000   -1.427837
C      1.156900    0.000000    1.427837
H     -2.119915    0.000000   -0.946478
H     -1.156699    0.000000   -2.502637
H      2.119915    0.000000    0.946478
H      1.156699    0.000000    2.502637
 $BLWDAT
 2 8 0
   4 8 13 15 38 42 47 49
 2 8 0
  19 23 28 30 53 57 62 64
26 56 -1

  Perpendicular

C      0.000000    0.000000    0.000000
C      0.000000    0.000000    1.489418
H      0.967527    0.000000   -0.478451
H      0.000000    0.967527    1.967869
C     -1.086858    0.000000   -0.746736
C      0.000000   -1.086858    2.236154
H     -2.072275    0.000000   -0.314213
H     -1.029400    0.000000   -1.820913
H      0.000000   -2.072275    1.803631
H      0.000000   -1.029400    3.310331
 $BLWDAT
 2 8 0
   4 8 13 15 38 42 47 49
 2 8 0
  18 22 28 29 52 56 62 63
26 56 -1

butadiene.xmi

Exercice 4 (BH3... NH3) electronics at the B3LYP 6-31G(d) level

BLW energy decomposition analysis can be used to shed light into the nature of intermolecular interactions. Example of NH3∙∙∙BH3. Visualize the polarization and electron transfer effects using the electron density difference (EDD) maps.

the geometry of the complex we use is

 $DATA
 BLW-ED Analysis
 C1  
 N   7.0        0.000000    0.000000    0.728869
 H   1.0        0.000000    0.951707    1.095972
 H   1.0        0.824202   -0.475853    1.095972
 H   1.0       -0.824202   -0.475853    1.095972
 B   5.0        0.000000    0.000000   -0.934793
 H   1.0        0.000000   -1.170908   -1.238679
 H   1.0       -1.014036    0.585454   -1.238679
 H   1.0        1.014036    0.585454   -1.238679 
 $END

1/ Make orbitals of BH3 alone (then NH3) in the geometry of the complex

2/ Let fragment orbitals to polarize in the full complex.

3/ Let delocalize. This is just a standard DFT calculation. (TO CHECK with Yirong)

Preliminary Remarks : B3LYP calculation in Gamess is specified in $CONTRL :

 $CONTRL SCFTYP=RHF DFTTYP=B3LYP runtyp=energy maxit=200 icharg=0 $END

And 6-31G(d) basis set is requested with

  $BASIS  GBASIS=N31 NGAUSS=6 NDFUNC=1 $END

Step by step help :

1/ Perform a NH3 BLW calculation of the fragment alone in the geometry of the complex with $BLW NBLOCK=1 $END and keep the generated .blw file for next step (same for BH3).

We obtain

nh3.log: FINAL R-B3LYP ENERGY IS -56.5111505350

bh3.log: FINAL R-B3LYP ENERGY IS -26.5644674370

= > summ = -83.07561797

2/ Do the complex in a NBLOCK=2 BLW calculation and see the energetic effect of the polarization of each fragment. The initial orbitals are obtained from .blw files of individual fragments ---ORBITALS (LOCAL BFS)--- part, and copied after the $BLWDAT fragments definition. A blank line separate each fragments’guess.

At this stage, we can want to do the calculation at full accuracy from the very first step. The following line avoid initial SCF cycles (SWOFF=0.0), and initial coarse grid DFT steps :

 $DFT SWOFF=0.0 NRAD0=96 NLEB0=302 NTHE0=12 NPHI0=24 $END

We obtain

ITER 1 E(RBLW) = -83.059219

FINAL R-B3LYP ENERGY IS -83.093218

3/ Let the delocalization of all electrons. (NBLOCK=1 + read localized guess orbitals OR standard B3LYP calculation)

We obtain

FINAL R-B3LYP ENERGY IS -83.148013

Remark : the electronic differential density can be mapped using BLW and DELOCALIZED cube files generate with gaussian for instance. An utility (edd) substracts the two densities from the cube files named test.cube_BLW and test.cube_HF and stores it in the file test.cub. The new cube file can be visualized with gaussview for instance.

positive values of the differential density

to generate the cube file for BLW orbitals, use this route card 
#B3LYP/6-31G(d) 6D Nosymm  Guess=(Cards,only) Cube=(81,Density,Full)
  
and after the geometry specification, 
input the orbitals from the BLW file as cards, 
don't forget to name the cube file.  
test.cube_BLW 
see also  gaussiancube file

all input files are there