VBTutorial2
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Remarks
Exercices
Remark : in all the following exercises, <math>\pi</math> the system will be taken as active, and the <math>\sigma</math> system as inactive. In all VB calculations, the <math>\sigma</math> orbitals shall be described by MOs delocalized onto the whole molecule.
Main exercises
Exercise 1 : The allyl radical
Paper Exercises
- Covalent structures of the allyl radical :
- What are the three possible covalent structures for the allyl radical molecule ? Use the thumb rules of qualitative VB theory to compute their energy, and show that two of them are degenerate.
- Show that the third structure can be expressed as a linear combination of the first two structures, and thus that only two of the three covalent structures form a complete basis of non-redundant structures (Rumer basis).
- Understanding the pattern of spin density distributions in the allyl radical as found in EPR spectroscpy.
- Express the wave functions of the non-redundant structures (from 1.1) of allyl radical in terms of the VB determinant. Write the wave function of the ground state of the allyl radical as a negative combination of the wave functions of the non-redundant structures. Based on the expression of the spin density <math> \rho_s </math>
<math> {\rho_a}^s = N^2 \sum_i {c_i}^2 {\delta_{ai}}^a</math>
propose the spin density distribution in the allyl radical. In the above equation N is a normalization constant, c is the coefficient of the VB determinant in the wave function and <math> \delta </math> is either -1 or +1 depending on that electron located on atom a in the ith determinant is <math> \alpha </math> or <math> \beta </math> spin. - Show pictorially:
- Why your spin density is polarized.
- What would be the spin density pattern in pentadienyl radical?
- What would be the spin density in the excited state of allyl radical (taking into account that resulting wave function is a positive combination of the <math> \Phi_L </math> and <math> \Phi_R </math> wave functions?
- Express the wave functions of the non-redundant structures (from 1.1) of allyl radical in terms of the VB determinant. Write the wave function of the ground state of the allyl radical as a negative combination of the wave functions of the non-redundant structures. Based on the expression of the spin density <math> \rho_s </math>
- Covalent and ionic structures of the allyl radical :
- What are the possible ionic structures for the allyl radical ? Based on your chemical knowledge, propose a selection subset of the most chemically meaningful covalent + ionic structures.
Computer Exercises
| Input/Output Guidelines |
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According to the output of the MO calculation obtained by the Gamess-USA program (.out) the <math> \pi-electrons </math> populate the last two occupied orbitals (i.e., orbitals 11 and 12 which are the <math> p_x </math> doubly and singly occupied orbitals respectively). While the remaining orbital are all of <math> \sigma </math> nature. Therefore, in the structure section the first 10 orbitals accounting for the 20 <math> \sigma </math> electrons, will be described as doubly occupied. This can (and will for for clarity) be represented by 1:10. The remaining three <math> \pi-electrons </math> should be placed in three singly occupied orbitals (one per each). As a result we will end up having 13 orbitals where only three are active VB orbitals (keyword nao=3 in the xmi file). The number of the active VB electrons is also 3 in this system, (keyword nae=3 in the xmi file). The occupation number of the active VB orbitals however varies in the different structures. There are 2 covalent structures, one: <math>\Phi_1 </math> with a covalent bond between carbon atoms a and b (orbitals 11 and 12) and a second one: <math>\Phi_2 </math> with a covalent bond between carbon atoms b and c (orbitals 12 and 13).
In the VB output we have the total energy (-116.33730493 au for the case of two covalent structures with strictly localized orbitals), we have coefficients of determinants and weights of the structures. In the section of "Coefficients of Determinants" there are three determinants and one is almost two times larger than two other. In the population analysis there are charge and spin populations. In the spin population we can see that both terminal carbon atoms have positive spin density while the central carbon atom has negative spin density which is two times less than on the terminal carbon atoms. So, in the next section we will try to analise this result.
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- Computation of covalent state of allyl radical
- Compute the VBSCF wave function for the covalent state of the allyl radical (6-31G basis set) using the covalent structures you have chosen (paper Ex. 1.2). What are the weights of the different VB structures. Was that expected?
- What is the wavefunction in determinant description? What is the spin population? Do the calculated results agree with your answer for paper Ex. 2.1?
- Repeat the calcultions for the first excited state using "nstate=1" . What is the the wavefunction? Use determinant description. What is the spin population in this case? Was that what you expected?
- Compute the VBSCF wave function for the covalent state of the allyl radical (6-31G basis set) using the covalent structures you have chosen (paper Ex. 1.2). What are the weights of the different VB structures. Was that expected?
- Computation of allyl radical energy and weights:
- Compute a VBSCF wave function for allyl radical (6-31G basis set) using your selected set of structures (questions 1.2 and 3.1). Compute a VBSCF wave function including the complete set of VB structures, using the "str=all" keyword. Compare the weights and energies for both wave functions to validate your selection of structures.
- Compute for allyl radical a BOVB wave function which include only your selected set of most chemically meaningful structures (use the guess orbitals obtained at the VBSCF level). Compare the weights obtained at the VBSCF and BOVB level.
- Computation of resonance energies :
- We want to build a wave-function corresponding to only one Lewis structure for the allyl radical. To do so, we will include in the wave-function only one covalent structure, and the ionic structures associated with this covalent bond. Propose a selection of VB structures which would describe one Lewis structure for the allyl radical.
- Compute this wave function at VBSCF then BOVB levels. Deduce what is the resonance energy of the allyl radical at the BOVB level.
Exercise 2 : Radical character of ozone
Computer Exercises
- Propose a complete basis of non-redondant VB structures for the ozone molecule. Based on your chemical knowledge, propose a selection subset of the most chemically meaningful structures. (Paper exercise)
- Compute a VBSCF wave function for ozone (6-31G basis set) using your selected set of structures (question 1.1). Compute a VBSCF wave function including the complete set of VB structures, using the "str=all" keyword. Compare the weights and energies for both wave functions to validate your selection of structures.
- Compute a BOVB wave function for ozone which include only your selected set of most chemically meaningful structures (use the guess orbitals obtained at the VBSCF level).
- Compare the weights obtained at the VBSCF and BOVB level. Compare the BOVB diradical weight to the value predicted by simple MO theory. (consult the paper excercise for Ex. 2)
Paper Exercises - Optional/Homework
- Use the HuLis software to retrieve the Hückel MOs for ozone. Write a single-determinant MO wave function based on Hückel orbitals. Develop it into the basis of atomic orbitals, to get an expression in terms of VB structures (consult the hint given below).
- Compute by hand the weights of the different structures (neglecting all overlaps for simplicity). What is the radical character of ozone according to simple MO theory? (Computer exercise)
| Hint |
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- It is useful to use here the electron hole equivalence for details consult: >> The electron-hole equivalence |
Additional Optional-Exercises/Homework
Exercise 3 : Resonance energy of Benzene
- Covalent only description :
- Propose a complete basis of non-redondant covalent VB structures for benzene. (hint there should be 5 structures).
- Compute benzene with str=cov, now repeat the calculation with only 1 of the kékulé strucures and estimate the Vertical Resonance Energy (VRE)
- Full description :
- Ask to compute the benzene with str=full (175 structures)
- Ask to compute one corresponding Kékulé (27 structures which have to be hand-written !) => good VRE, but cumbersome... We'll see in tutorial 4 that it is more simple with BLW
- Delocalization problem :
- Ask people to compute 5 covalent struc. (keyword : "str=cov") first using strictly localized orbitals (VBSCF), then using OEO ('orbtyp=oeo).
- Compute then 1 kékulé with OEO, and decuce the VRE. It will be much too low, as using OEO implicitly include other struc. than the kékulé, i.e. the individual structures loose their identity => OEO shall not be used to compute diabatic quantities, and more generally if active orbitals are too extended (too large basis set with diffuse functions for instance) diabatic quantities will be wrong (underestimated).
Exercise 4 : The allyl cation
- Structures of the allyl cation, and weights from Hückel theory (paper exercise) :
- Find a complete basis of covalent structures for the allyl cation.
- What are the possible ionic structures for the allyl cation ? Based on your chemical knowledge, propose a selection subset of the most chemically meaningful covalent + ionic structures.
- Use the HuLis software to retrieve the Hückel MOs for allyl cation. Write a single-determinant MO wave function based on Hückel orbitals. Develop it into the basis of atomic orbitals, to get an expression in terms of VB structures. Compute by hand the weights of the different structures (neglecting all overlaps for simplicity).
- Computation of allyl cation energies abd weights :
- Compute a VBSCF wave function for allyl cation (6-31G basis set) using your selected set of structures (questions 1.3 and 2.2). Compute a VBSCF wave function including the complete set of VB structures, using the "str=all" keyword. Compare the weights and energies for both wave functions to validate your selection of structures.
- Compute for allyl cation a BOVB wave function which include only your selected set of most chemically meaningful structures (use the guess orbitals obtained at the VBSCF level). Compare the weights obtained at the VBSCF and BOVB level.
- Compare the BOVB weights to the weights predicted by simple MO theory.
- Computation of resonance energies :
- We want to build a wave-function corresponding to only one Lewis structures for the allyl cation. To do so, we will include in the wave-function only one covalent structure, and the ionic structures associated to this covalent bond. Propose a selection of VB structures which would describe one Lewis structure for the allyl cation.
- Compute this wave function at VBSCF then BOVB levels. Deduce what is the resonance energy of the allyl cation at the BOVB level.